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Halberstadt D.II
The Halberstadt D.II was a biplane fighter aircraft of the ''Luftstreitkräfte'' (Imperial German Army Air Service) that served through the period of Allied air superiority in early 1916. As the first-ever biplane configuration fighter aircraft to serve in combat for the German Empire, it had begun to be superseded in the then-forming ''Jagdstaffeln'' by the superior Albatros fighters by the second half of that year, although small numbers of Halberstadts continued in use well into 1917.
==Design and development==
The D.II was the production version of the experimental D.I.〔 Lightened to improve performance, it also featured staggered wings and a more powerful 120 hp Mercedes D.II engine. The side and frontal radiators that had been tried in the D.I were replaced by a wing mounted radiator, similar to that later used by the Albatros D.III and D.V. The two bay wings were very strongly braced, with the trailing edge a wooden member, as opposed to the wire or cable common on many World War I German single-engined aircraft. Photographic evidence indicates that many examples were rigged with washout on the lower wings – giving the impression of a curved or twisted lower wing trailing edge. In some photos even the upper wings have a similar sort of "trailing edge droop" on the fixed section inboard of the ailerons. The cockpit was raised in relation to where it had been on the D.I, which required a turtledeck to be built up on the rear fuselage to fair the cockpit into the lines of the fuselage. Lateral control was by ailerons, designed to use a single-forward-projecting control horn for one of the twin aileron cable's connections, with the twin cables for each surface running from the lower fuselage, outwards through the lower wing and upwards to the forward horns and the ailerons' lower surfaces, a common system for early German World War I biplane aircraft that had been used previously on the 1914-vintage DFW B.I unarmed two-seater as just one example, and on the later Albatros D.I fighter that replaced the Halberstadt D.II in 1916. Like the earlier Fokker Eindecker, the Halberstadt D.II had no fixed tail surfaces and over-sensitive "Morane"-style balanced elevators, and rudder with no fixed fin were used for the tail surface design.〔Grey and Thetford 1970, p. 147.〕 Although it must have shared the typical "Morane" elevator sensitivity and the controls cannot have been well harmonised, it was very manoeuvrable in skilled hands and could be dived safely at high speed.〔Munson 1968, p. 113.〕 A single synchronised 7.92 mm (.312 in) lMG 08 "Spandau" machine gun fired through the propeller arc, from a mostly-exterior mount beside the starboard side of the engine cylinders.
If the only performance figures available for the type are accurate, the Halberstadt fighter’s speed and climb were little better than the Eindecker’s and inferior to such Allied contemporaries as the Nieuport 11 and the DH.2 but it earned the respect of Allied fighter pilots〔Cheesman 1960, p. 134.〕 and was a preferred mount of the pilots of the early ''Jagdstaffeln'', until the Albatros D.I became available.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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